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food and humanity

The Fertile Crescent - the cradle of civilization : For the first 190,000 years or so of human existence, we roved about in small hunter-gatherer bands, eking out a subsistence living day to day, constantly in fear of predators and of other humans. But about 10,000 years ago, in the Mesopotamian area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Iraq, some people decided to stay put. It is impossible to overstate the importance of that decision. In Fertile Crescent an agriculturally-based society arose. Rather than wandering around searching for food in a constant state of conflict, humans began to plant seeds and grow their own crops. To store it they began building structures. To protect it they banded together in cooperation and mutual defense. Whereas before human societies were typically limited to a few dozen people, now villages arose—then towns, then cities. And humanity flourished. Here, in these early settlements in the Fertile Crescent, humans first developed written language (probably to keep track of accounts). They domesticated animals. They invented the wheel, the plow, and multi-story architecture. Monotheistic religion arose. By about 2500 B.C. the first libraries were created. The things that we think of as characterizing “civilization” began here. A few thousand years ago people from the Fertile Crescent fanned out into Europe and Asia, taking with them the knowledge accumulated there. And seeds and farm animals. The rest is history. Of course, it wasn’t all pretty. We were still humans after all. Although social cooperation emerged on a scale that would have been previously unimaginable, violence and what we would now regard as superstition and injustice remained. But in the Fertile Crescent humans had taken an immensely important first step toward the flowering of the incredible civilization we enjoy today.肥沃新月——文明的摇篮：在人类存在的最初19万年左右，我们在小型猎人-采集者群体中游荡，勉强维持着日常生计，时刻惧怕掠食者和其他人类。然而，大约在一万年前，在今天伊拉克的美索不达米亚地区，即底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间，一些人决定定居。这个决定的重要性无以言表。在肥沃新月地区，农业社会开始兴起。人类不再在不断的冲突中四处游荡寻找食物，而是开始播种并种植自己的作物。为了储存食物，他们开始建造建筑物。为了保护这些食物，他们团结合作，互相防卫。以前人类社会通常限于几十个人，现在村庄兴起——接着是城镇，再到城市。人类繁荣昌盛。在这些早期的肥沃新月定居点，人类首次发展了书面语言（可能是为了记录账目）。他们驯化了动物，发明了轮子、犁和多层建筑。单神教出现。到公元前2500年，第一座图书馆建立。我们认为构成“文明”的事物都始于此。几千年前，肥沃新月地区的人们扩展到欧洲和亚洲，带着那里的知识、种子和农畜。其余的就是历史。当然，这一切并不都是美好的。毕竟，我们仍然是人类。尽管社会合作的规模达到了之前难以想象的程度，暴力以及我们现在所认为的迷信和不公正仍然存在。但在肥沃新月，人类迈出了通向我们今天所享有的令人难以置信的文明的重要第一步。

人渣的英文表达方式今天我们来聊聊一个不太友好的词——“人渣”。在英语中，这个词有一个非常接近的说法，叫做“dregs of society”或者“dregs of humanity”。Dregs这个词本身的意思是“残渣”，而humanity在这里指的是“全人类”。所以，如果你把一群人称为“the dregs of society”或者“dregs of humanity”，那意思就和中文里的“人渣”或者“败类”差不多。不过要注意的是，这种说法通常是指一群人，而不是一个人。如果你只想说一个人是“人渣”，可以用“scum”或者“scumbag”这样的词。Scum这个词也有“渣滓；浮垢”的意思。下面我来造几个句子，帮助大家更好地理解： 1️⃣ Dregs of society like them belong in prison. (像他们那样的人渣该去坐牢。) 2️⃣ Once considered a role model for teenagers, the pop star is now being called “scum” by some people because of the rape charge. (这位曾经被视为青少年学习对象的流行音乐之星，现在却因强暴罪而被某些人称为「人渣」。) 3️⃣ A large amount of our tax dollars is spent on providing free food and shelter to the dregs of society like those criminals. (我们所缴的税金有很大一部份用来提供像那些罪犯一样的人渣免费食宿。) 希望这些例子能帮你更好地理解和使用这些词汇！

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